The core of Baltimore’s reforms is regulatory simplification. By removing a mandated minimum of off‑street parking, the city lowers one of the costliest development prerequisites. Allowing buildings closer to the property line and relaxing stairwell mandates similarly reduce development friction—both in terms of design and cost.

Removing parking minimums can increase the flexibility to use small undeveloped or underdeveloped parcels for “missing middle” forms of housing, such as duplexes or triplexes. These forms of housing provide “gentle density,” meaning they do not significantly alter neighborhoods but still make them more affordable.

Kansas City’s fire department now operates a robot capable of delivering 2,500 gallons of water per minute—more than a standard engine—while maneuvering through wreckage and heat that would otherwise risk human injury.

Public subsidies for professional sports venues are frequently pitched as economic catalysts, promising jobs, tourism, and neighborhood revitalization. But when franchises relocate—or seek upgrades—taxpayers often remain on the hook for facilities no longer in use or needing additional reinvestment.